GALLE HERITAGE
PROJECT —
A PLAN TO GIVE A FUTURE TO THE PAST SUGGESTIONS
FOR A PRELIMINARY PILOT PROJECT: BLACK FORT
Lodewijk J. Wagenaar
INTRODUCTION: Although the Galle peninsula and surroundings were
inhabited before the colonial era, and although Punto de Galle was given
its first European colonial shape by the Portuguese, this memo will deal
mainly with the Dutch Period, and modestly with the British Period and
the period after the colonial occupation, since most of the fortress, the
buildings and the city grid dates from post-Portuguese years.
To understand the Fort of Galle as an organism one must understand the
small city in its organic and functional aspects. In the Dutch Period (and
similarly in the Portuguese Period) one may emphasise four main aspects:
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maritime: the port, the related workshops and the warehouses;
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administrative: the administration of the Fort itself and of the surrounding
Galle district, the latter through local headmen;
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economic: the relationship with the immediate hinterland producing rice,
coconuts, areca-nuts, cinnamon, timber, etc, as well as the relationship
with the sea, ie fishery;
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military: defence against European competitors, and safeguarding against
the Singalese, especially the Kingdom of Kandy.
In the British Period most of the maritime activities were transferred
to Colombo, after the construction of the new harbour with its breakwaters
and quays (before that time only the roadstead was in use). The emphasis
on the cinnamon trade in the Dutch Period shifted to other agricultural
crops serving new market demands (coconut, oil, rubber, and tea). The Dutch
Burghers adapted well to the new British occupants and rose on the social
scale; 19th and early 20th century society and daily life were strongly
influenced by the Burghers. Since the late 18th century, a new town grew
up outside Galle Fort. From 1800 onwards, more and more Singalese and Moslem
people entered Galle Fort.
To avoid misunderstanding: Burghers were originally Dutch East India
Company servants who obtained permission to leave the service to settle
as private small scale entrepreneurs. Their children, many of them born
of mixed relationships, automatically received Burgher status, although
many of these Eurasians entered the service of the Company (VOC). Only
later, in the British Period, all descendants of Europeans and Eurasians
were categorized as ‘Burghers’, among them the so-called Dutch Burghers.
Their way of life, of which the poffertjespan, the Broedercake and the
verandah cum stoep are evocative, derived from the early Dutch Period.
The verandah is an 18th century development, but the general layout of
the Dutch Period house has early origins. It is remarkable to read in 18th
century sources that many houses still had no tiled roofs, which were again
and again ordered in city regulations to prevent fires. In marked contrast
to Batavia, in Galle (and also in Colombo and Jaffna) the tiles in use
were of Portuguese style, and not the Dutch ‘gulf’ tiles. Already in the
Portuguese era the tiles were locally made.
Life in Galle was of mixed European–Asian character. In Holland one
will look in vain for colonial structures such as these, which are similar
to those on the Iberian Peninsula, and quite well adapted to the Asian
situation. In Amsterdam land was scarce and every merchant wanted his warehouse
close to the canals, so warehouses there were deep and high; in contrast
the warehouses in Galle are lengthy and low. The fortifications too were
different in the East: in Europe they had to cope with more sophisticated
gunfire and techniques of warfare; in Asia the fortresses could make do
with more basic structures. Only in the 18th century this changed, especially
in Galle, Colombo and Jaffna. Documents in the VOC archives in Colombo
and The Hague, as well as drawings and plans, make this perfectly clear.
BLACK FORT: SUGGESTIONS FOR A PILOT PROJECT
In the long run it may be possible to have a series of places, buildings
and houses showing different aspects of Period Daily Life. In the future
one may acquire a Dutch period house to turn into a show house with period
rooms, kitchen etc. Other buildings and places may be used to show aspects
of daily life in the past, from various periods in the long history of
Galle. However, since it is wise to start simply, it is advisable to begin
with only one project, which has potential to combine several ambitions:
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preservation, conservation and reconstruction;
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stimulation of public and institutional awareness of the cultural heritage;
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training of local craftsmen, contractors, architects, scholars, civil servants
and laymen, with transfer of experience and know-how from the Sri Lankan
capital as well as from abroad;
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generation of income by a new management of cultural heritage, linked with
modern policies to foster cultural tourism, private/public enterprise,
presentations of living history, guiding by ‘cultural narrators’, information
centres and modern museums.
Black Fort is a suitable spot to start a project to materialise these ambitions.
It is easy to link this place with the old Dutch Warehouse (to become a
Maritime History Museum) and the Bay Area at the jetty-side. This could
become a Nautical Quarter, as advocated long ago by Ashley de Vos, the
Sri Lankan godfather of a new understanding of Sri Lankan architecture
as being of ‘dual parentage’.
The Black Fort is the earliest fortress in Galle, with roots in the
late Portuguese Period, showing strong Dutch influences but also traces
of use in the British Period including the Second World War as well as
of use in the post-colonial era. Thus the Fort is ideal to bring to life
several aspects and periods. Cannons (replicas), other related equipment,
tools and cannonballs may be placed, smaller structures may be erected
which sheltered the gunpowder barrels, etc and guardhouses might show soldiers
from different periods doing their job (that is: doing nothing but waiting).
Volunteers or paid actors might do exercises at scheduled times to bring
the history to life; however a permanent and noisy show like that in Williamsburg,
USA should be avoided.
Reconstructed or conserved buildings within the Black Fort might be
turned into museum-like places, offices, kitchens etc. At the lower level
an extremely attractive restaurant could be located, with access to the
jetty area. There the tiny shipyard could be brought back into life, to
build dhows for harbour trips and fishermen. History can pay!
This Black Fort Project, part of the greater Galle Heritage Project,
can easily be linked with the other Galle-linked project, the Galle Harbour
Project, aimed at the identification and research of shipwrecks in the
Galle Harbour. The laboratory at the jetty can be a temporary information
centre for the two projects. Video films and other vivid information will
make this information centre a lively and interesting one, and during underwater
excavation the work in progress can be shown on a monitor. Objects undergoing
conservation may be shown, and after treatment they will be on display
in the Maritime Museum of Galle. A very interesting result of this Galle
Harbour Project is that ship parts have been identified from early times.
Ancient stone anchors of Arabian pattern and the Sung dynasty Chinese bowl
found in the harbour prove the continuity of maritime history in Galle
Bay.
As the Batavia Wharf in Lelystad, Netherlands, has already proven, the
interest of the general public in research and exhibits of this type is
tremendous. Without doubt, history can offer interesting financial returns.
To start with it is suggested to conduct research in the VOC archives
in Colombo. Maritime history, economic history, and the history of building
and maintenance activities are fully documented as far as the 18th century
is concerned. For earlier periods, VOC documents in the General State Archives,
The Hague, Netherlands, have to be studied. The National Archives in Colombo
however give good possibilities for a start. The documents there from the
VOC settlement in Galle give ample information, especially the monthly
reports and the yearly compendia of the various VOC departments (the smithy,
ship repairing and building departments).
Most movements of ships have been recorded, not only of the great East
Indiamen, but also of the smaller ships: not only Sri Lanka based VOC ships,
but also ships arriving from other ports of the VOC trade empire. Even
movements of ships owned by Moslems and Burghers have been recorded and
mention has been made of visits by other European ships.
The building history of the Dutch Forts is well recorded. Weekly and
monthly reports on the maintenance, complete with lists of used materials
and labour give wonderful information. Special reports give information
on the state of the forts, related with the wars in Asia between France
and Britain (eg the Seven Years War, 1757–1763) or with the aftermath of
the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780–1784), in which the French were also involved.
In 1795, another war broke out between the Dutch and the British, who then
took over Galle in February 1796. A report from 1795 states that the forts
in Ceylon were so badly maintained that even saluting with the cannons
proved ruinous to the structures.
Students from Holland may make an overall review of these reports, so
that the Galle Project Team can translate this into the conservation, preservation
and reconstruction programmes.
To get the programme started it might be considered appropriate to appoint
four officers:
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liaison officer within the framework of the Galle Heritage Foundation,
based in Galle, as an officer who connects the several institutions and
responsibilities shared by the GHF-partners, and who within this framework
and appropriate parameters can act with delegated authority. This person
should have a facilitating role, mediating between the relevant organisations
on the one hand, and between the GHF and the public;
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a cultural project manager, next to the overall project manager, who coordinates
the several scholars and other specialists (museologists, archaeologists,
restoration and conservation architects, guide-trainers, etc) and their
sub-projects;
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an architect with expertise in translating cultural and daily life history;
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a ‘living history’ museologist who sets up plans for a visitor centre,
museum-like exhibitions, outside exhibits, performances, light-and-sound-shows,
parades, etc.
These positions are not necessarily full time. There will probably be possibilities
to combine some of these functions in one person. The tasks and responsibilities
should be clearly defined, as should the relations between the several
managers.
The Black Fort Project might function as a pilot study, to be used for
other projects of the chain. By training craftsmen, students, staff, contractors,
etc, experience will be built up, which may be used for other projects,
even for projects in other parts of Sri Lanka. As far as cooperation with
universities is concerned, it might be advisable to create pairs of Dutch
and Sri Lankan students who work together on the same (sub)project and
to link them with a span of Sri Lankan and Dutch specialists as tutors,
thus ‘sandwiching’ them to guarantee the most efficient way of getting
the desired results. To start with, a workshop could take place, where
the identified projects can be worked out, with time-frame and management
planning. Within five years the Fort of Galle could operate as a world-famous
example of how to enjoy the past in the present, with attractive effects
on job creation and on the welfare of the inhabitants of Galle and the
region. The year 2002, four hundred years after the visit of Joris van
Spilbergen and the foundation of the VOC, might be an extra incentive for
sponsors and investors.
PARTNERSHIP: A LIST OF PARTNERS TO BE CONSIDERED
An enterprise like the Black Fort Project should be split up in smaller
projects, to make it easier to realise. For the British Period cooperation
with the Imperial War Museum in London and with the St. George Fort Museum
in Madras would be interesting. As far as the Dutch Period is concerned,
the Army Museum in Delft and the Vesting (Fortress) Museum in Naarden should
be considered. The National Archives in Colombo and the General State Archives
(ARA) in The Hague will be partners; universities in Sri Lanka as well
in the Netherlands, Leiden (RUL) and Amsterdam (UvA) might cooperate in
sending experts and trainees; museums like the Amsterdam Historical Museum,
the Maritime Museums (Amsterdam and Rotterdam) and the Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam)
could be involved. The Netherlands Department for Conservation (RDMZ, Zeist),
ICOMOS (Netherlands), the Dutch Department for Education, Culture and Sciences
(OCW) and the Culture Section of the Dutch Embassy in Colombo could be
important counterparts, because they will be interested in giving structure
to training programmes to foster preservation and conservation, the transfer
of experience and know-how, directed to stimulate cultural tourism, which
might generate funds for implementation of the plans (hardware, staff,
training) as well for maintenance of buildings and fortifications. The
Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies (IHS, Rotterdam) will
be an attractive partner to train staff in organising and executing new
tasks, which like those of the scholars and architects will be interdisciplinary,
even ‘cross cultural’.
The Dutch counterparts may be asked to consider co-financing the costs
of Dutch trainees and specialists/consultants, training programmes, etc.
The ‘hardware’ itself, conservation, preservation and reconstruction will
be for the greatest part the responsibility of the Galle Heritage Foundation
and other Sri Lankan institutions (Ministries, Departments, UDA, Southern
Province, Southern Development Authority, Municipality of Galle, etc).
However, financial partnership in the form of private/public investment
might create real possibilities for private investors and sponsorship.
Legal aspects of this are worth separate study.
GALLE FORT: CENTRE FOR CRAFTSMANSHIP,
KNOWLEDGE AND PUBLIC AWARENESS
Ypie Attema
INTRODUCTION
On behalf of the Netherlands Department for Conservation, I propose
that the World Heritage Site at Galle Fort should be developed into a major
restoration centre.
In developing Galle into a major heritage site and a small-scale tourist
destination, restoration activities can play an important role: for instance
in on-the-job
training of local craftsmen and in familiarising the public with old
buildings and crafts. An approach combining restoration activities, special
technical training, and the raising of public awareness, could be a pilot
project with a strong multiplier effect, not only for Galle Fort and its
surroundings, but also for the revitalization of other historic sites in
Sri Lanka.
NOTES ON RESTORATION
If we want to develop Galle Fort as a place of major historic interest,
we have to formulate valid arguments for the character the Fort should
exhibit. Should we stress one single period, or would it be better to show
the history and development of Galle Fort through the ages?
There are many important questions to be answered: for instance, on
what information should a restoration be based and which building materials
should be used? To answer such questions, the objects themselves are the
best guide, in combination of course with written and other sources.
NOTES ON TRAINING
Restoration activities can function very well as technical training
programmes for architects and craftsmen and can educate the public at the
same time. The Netherlands has valuable experience with these training
programmes, which focus on four major objectives: education of craftsmen
in the field of restoration; rehabilitation of objects of cultural and
historical value; integrated urban heritage management (town renewal approach);
strengthening of social-economic infrastructure and housing and infrastructural
strengthening for tourism and recreation.
Within this framework, many worthwhile monuments have been restored
in the Netherlands during the last ten years, including churches, houses,
a station, several water and wind sawmills and a factory which produces
bricks for restoration purposes. In Sri Lanka there is also some experience
with this type of training-on-the-job: in Galle Fort the restoration of
the pulpit in the Dutch Church has been carried out as a training project
of craftsmen.
NOTES ON TECHNICAL ASPECTS
Decisions also have to be taken regarding the building materials to
be used: bricks, tiles, plaster, mortar or concrete? Each has specific
qualities which must be taken into account. Climate must be considered:
different building materials are required in a damp and salty climate than
in dry conditions.
For future restoration in Galle Fort, there are specific questions
on the use of materials: Which common materials should be used? What
special treatment do they need in this climate? Which modern, alternative,
durable and low-maintenance materials can be utilized? and, very importantly:
Do these materials harmonize with the original or desirable character
of Galle Fort?.
THE IMPORTANCE OF SETTING UP A DATABANK
To answer these questions we have to research the original building
materials in relation to the specific climate of Galle. Ideally the outcome
of these investigations should be stored in a databank. Data gathered during
archaeological fieldwork, or the results of technical documentation and
dendro-chronological research, should be stored likewise.
A databank on the research and building activities in Galle Fort could
also provide useful information for restoration projects elsewhere in the
country.
THE IMPORTANCE OF REGULAR MAINTENANCE
Once a building has been conserved or restored, it has to be kept in
good shape. At the first stage of developing plans and budgets for restoration,
one must take into account the costs for short, medium and long-term maintenance.
Prevention is better than cure.
This is the motto of the Monumentenwacht, a successful Dutch organization
which, on the basis of an annual subscription, carries out regular inspection
of buildings and repairs small defects. Larger repairs have to be done
by regular contractors. At present, around 12,000 out of 50,000 monuments
in the Netherlands have joined this valuable organization.
CONCLUSION: GALLE—A CENTRE FOR CRAFTSMANSHIP AND EDUCATION
While developing Galle Fort into a major heritage site and small-scale
tourist centre, it can also become an important centre for craftsmanship
and education. This would make a valuable contribution to the development
and activation of restoration integrated conservation activities throughout
the country.
HERITAGE FIELD SCHOOL
AND PUBLIC ACCESSIBLE EXCAVATION IN GALLE
Robert Parthesius
As shown during this seminar, the city of Galle and its harbour have
an extensive reservoir of heritage sites dating from around the 10th century
(stone anchors) to the present day. Due to its strategic position in the
Indian Ocean, Galle has served for many years as a junction of cultures.
The presence of these cultures is seen by traces left in the city and on
the sea bed. The Dutch left a significant impression in Galle: the fort
as a complete city formed in the 17th and 18th century, five East Indiamen
in or around the harbour and an extensive Dutch archive in the National
Archives in Colombo.
The potential to use these ‘cultural resources’ for training, research
and presentation purposes is obvious. Over the years several projects have
been initiated based on this gold mine of information. During this seminar
you have been introduced to some of these projects, and plans relating
to the cultural heritage sites in Galle.
The Galle Harbour Project has located and surveyed over twenty sites
of archaeological importance since 1992. In 1996 and 1997 some small-scale
excavations have been carried out. In 1992, 1993, and 1997, groups of Sri
Lankan archaeologists have been trained in maritime archaeology and conservation.
The Conservation Laboratory, located on the import jetty, is nearly completed.
In previous years small projects have been carried out, focusing on
the many monuments in the fort; one example is the restoration of the pulpit
in the Dutch Church. The primary goal in this particular project was to
establish restoration know-how in Sri Lanka through on-the-job training.
This expertise can be used in future for preserving other monuments.
The Black Fort proposal echoes this objective and adds another: the
presentation of the past to the general public.
Training is important to develop the skills to research and preserve
Sri Lankan heritage. Equally important is the ability to explain and exhibit
the past to the general public. Public awareness will lead to general support
for this important work, especially if the local economy benefits from
cultural tourism.Figure 19. Plan drawing of a VOC ship around 1680. The
Avondster is preserved to this deck, (Alg. Rijksarchief, The Hague).
FIELD SCHOOL
To achieve these goals for heritage sites in and around Galle, it is
important to work as much as possible in co-operation: locally, nationally
and internationally. In order to profit from each others’ experiences and
skills, and to avoid duplication of infrastructure, it has been suggested
that a field school be established. The general philosophy would be to
have a co-ordinating centre for research, reporting, training and presentation
activities. The field school would be involved in a range of disciplines
including maritime archaeology, heritage management, material conservation,
historical research, etc.
Within the Galle Harbour Project a field school of this kind has evolved.
As you have heard today, an extensive programme of research and training
has been established. The laboratory in Galle will be a permanent centre
for further research and training in the conservation of maritime artefacts.
After this expedition we hope to have a team of diving researchers with
the basic skills for maritime archaeology. To extend the programme with
other areas of research and training, such as heritage management or restoration
techniques important for the other projects, we hope to set up a small
education centre including a library, workshop room and housing facilities
for students and scholars.
PRESENTATION
It is important to develop various forms of presentation. For the Galle
Harbour Project we can think about several. First there should be written
reports and newsletters.
The laboratory on the import jetty near the old gate is an important
step to show the maritime heritage to the general public. Through organised
tours, visitors can see conservation work in progress on objects from the
shipwrecks in the harbour. The cleaning of the stone anchors next to the
Maritime Museum is the first open presentation of finds from the sea bed.
After conservation, the objects and associated information should be
moved to the Maritime Museum. A permanent display supplemented with temporary
exhibitions should do justice to the important maritime history of Galle
and its role in the ancient trade routes.Figure 20. The Avondster site
50 metres off Marine Drive, the fort in the background.
A very tempting idea is to set up a whole chain of presentations around
the maritime archaeological activities in the harbour. The natural starting
point would be the excavation. Normally this is difficult in the case of
underwater work, but it is not impossible. The wreck of the VOC ship Avondster
provides us with an unusual opportunity to integrate the excavation work
into a public presentation. The ship is in remarkably good condition up
to the main deck. The wreck is in shallow water, only 50 metres off Marine
Drive. A simple jetty would allow the wreck to be accessed from the shore.
Seeing actual work in progress on site has always proved very popular with
visitors. In my vision locale guides can organise tours for cultural tourists
around the various heritage sites.
The Dutch invested heavily for their own profit in the 17th century
and the ships and infrastructure which they financed are now a most valuable
asset for the community of Galle and for Sri Lanka. Cultural profit, scientific
profit, and commercial profit should go hand-in-hand.Figure 21. Recording
the galley on the Avondster site.
GALLE HARBOUR: THE FUTURE
Jeremy Green
INTRODUCTION The Galle Harbour project has made a considerable
achievement in the development of understanding of Indian Ocean port cities.
We have evidence of trade from early times to the modern day. Shipwrecks
abound in the harbour. The project is at an important turning point for
the development of maritime archaeology as a discipline in Sri Lanka. There
are a number of objectives still to be achieved and there are a number
of initiatives that need to be developed over the next three years. Firstly
there is a need to complete the survey work in the east part of the harbour;
the conservation laboratory needs to be finished; further exploration of
other parts of the inner harbour is required; the Avondster site requires
further investigation and the development of a management plan; the known
but as yet undiscovered VOC shipwreck sites need to be located and further
exploration of the outer harbour is required.
THE EASTERN HARBOUR SURVEY The survey of the eastern part of
the harbour was partially completed in October–November 1997, however,
at the end of the season some magnetometer targets were uninvestigated
and some magnetometer survey work is still to be completed. The presence
of large iron wreck sites in the eastern part of the harbour have made
it difficult to identify the VOC shipwrecks thought to have been lost in
this area. Further careful magnetometer survey, together with the use of
high resolution PC Side-scan Sonar may make the location of the sites possible.
For the present, however, the eastern part of the harbour has only been
partially examined.
THE CONSERVATION LABORATORY The Conservation Laboratory should
be completed by the end of 1997, until this facility is complete, it is
not possible to conduct any major archaeological excavation work in Galle.
The facility will be an extremely useful part of any maritime archaeological
programme in Sri Lanka and will help to establish Galle a centre for maritime
archaeological studies.
FURTHER SURVEY OF INNER HARBOUR The area close to the Black Fort
and know to be a lightering point merits further investigation. To date
this site has yielded five stone anchors, raising interesting issues relating
to dating and use. We know that a bronze statue was found in the same area
by local divers and the whole area is covered with large quantities of
artefacts of various periods. The area merits a thorough archaeological
survey, firstly to delineate the extent of the site and then to determine
the depth of burial of the material. This area is likely to be of particular
interest because it was, traditionally, the anchoring site for Galle. Since
Galle, until the construction of the Fisheries Harbour, did not have a
quay, all loading and unloading was by carried out by lighters. It is very
likely that there is material dating from before European presence in the
Indian Ocean.
THE AVONDSTER SITE Certainly the most exciting underwater archaeological
site in Galle, this site has enormous potential. Being within 50 m of the
Marine Drive, excavation of the site can be shore-based. With adequate
funding, the site could be excavated dry within a coffer dam. The site
is exceptionally well preserved and known to contain material of considerable
interest. It could also be the focus of a ‘cultural tourism’ programme,
linking the excavation site with the Maritime Museum and the city of Galle.
As indicated above by Parthesius, a detailed survey of this site is required
together with the development of a management plan for the site.
THE OTHER VOC SHIPWRECKS
We know from the archival research that there are at least three other
unlocated wrecks in the harbour. It may well be that these sites are as
well preserved as the Avondster. Future survey work will help to locate
and identify these sites. The maritime archaeological legislation proceeding
through Parliament at present will ensure the protection of these sites
in the future. There is no doubt that Galle has a unique place in the history
of the VOC, particularly because of the number of shipwrecks.
TRAINING With the development of the maritime archaeological
training programme, it is likely that in the near future there will be
a small maritime archaeological unit in Sri Lanka. Within the next few
years it may be possible to undertake an advanced training programme to
develop and extend the existing skills within Sri Lanka. Furthermore, given
the facilities and expertise available, it could be possible for Sri Lanka
to become a regional training centre for Indian Ocean and Southeast Asian
countries. Such a training centre and programme would be particularly opportune,
given that Thailand no longer operates an Asian maritime archaeological
training programme. The diversity of sites that Galle has to offer, the
extent of cross-disciplinary interests, the international interest and
involvement makes this an attractive and exciting proposal.Figure 22. The
November 1997 GIS plot of the survey work in Galle Harbour.
LIST OF SPEAKERS
S.U. Deraniyagala Director General of Archaeology
Gihan Jayatilaka Advisor Maritime Archaeology for the Department
of Archaeology, Sub-Aqua Club and Maritime Heritage Trust
Jeremy Green Western Australian Maritime Museum, Australian
National Centre of Excellence in Maritime Archaeology
Robert Parthesius University of Amsterdam
Rukshan Amal Jayewardene Archaeologist, Trainee Maritime Archaeology
Jon Carpenter Department of Conservation, Western Australian
Maritime Museum.
Nerina de Silva Conservator, Consultant Galle Harbour Project
Somaseri Devendra Senior advisor Galle Harbour Project
Lodewijk Wagenaar Amsterdam Historical Museum
Ypie Attema Netherlands Department for Conservation
LIST OF ATTENDEES
Ms Drs Ypie Attema Netherlands Department of Conservation
Mr Patrick Baker Western Australian Maritime Museum
Ms Claire Barnes Volunteer, Galle Harbour Project
Mr Jon Carpenter Dept of Conservation, Western Australian Maritime
Museum.
Mr W.M. Chandraratne Central Cultural Fund
Mr Tom Dawson Department of Archaeology
Mr A.M.A. Dayananda Central Cultural Fund
Dr S.U. Deraniyagala Director-General of Archaeology
Lt-Cdr Somasiri Devendra Senior advisor Galle Harbour Project
Dr Malimi Dias Director of Epigraphy and Numismatics, Department of
Archaeology
Ms Indrani Fernando Department of Archaeology
Ms Jinky Gardner Dept of Underwater Archaeology, East Carolina University
Mr Mike Gardner Ms Dena Garratt Western Australian Maritime Museum
Mr George Green Volunteer, Galle Harbour Project, WA Maritime Museum
Prof Jeremy Green Western Australian Maritime Museum
Mr Gihan Jayatilaka Advisor Maritime Archaeology for the Department
of Archaeology, Sub-Aqua Club and Maritime Heritage Trust
Mr Rukshan Jayewardene Archaeologist; Trainee in Maritime Archaeology
Mr D. Kandamby National Maritime Museum, Galle
Mr Indrajith Kuruppu former member of Galle Harbour Project
Mr Sirinimal Lakdusinghe Director, Department of National Museums
Dr K.D. Paranavitanai Department of National Archives
Drs Robert Parthesius University of Amsterdam
Mr Asoka Perera Post-Graduate Institute of Archaeology
H.E. Mr H.C.R.M. Princen Ambassador of the Netherlands
Mrs L. Princen Mr K.D.S. Silva Post-Graduate Institute of Archaeology
Ms Nerina de Silva Conservator, Consultant Galle Harbour Project
Ms Corioli Souter Western Australian Maritime Museum
Mr Kurarasingha Tennegedara National Museum
Ms Yola Vollebregt Netherlands Embassy
Drs Loderwijk Wagenaar Amsterdam Historical Museum
Mr Chandana Weerasena Central Cultural Fund
Mr K.D. Palita Weerasingha Central Cultural Fund
Mr Indu Weerasoori Southern Development Authority
